TeX e LaTeX

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  • PhD Stuff:
  • Manuals, Documents & Advanced Examples
  • Feynman Graphs

    • Example and needed files to draw Feynman graphs using the feynmf or the feynmp package. You need to have the package and the respective/corresponding extensions in the same folder/directory as your source file.

  • Crazy TEX
    • The following piece of code is simply amazingly… obfuscated! try guessing what it is, and then compile it using a TeX compiler and see the result (and your jaw hit the desk you are sitting at). 

      \let~\catcode~`76~`A13~`F1~`j00~`P2jdefA71F~`7113jdefPALLF
PA''FwPA;;FPAZZFLaLPA//71F71iPAHHFLPAzzFenPASSFthP;A$$FevP
A@@FfPARR717273F737271P;ADDFRgniPAWW71FPATTFvePA**FstRsamP
AGGFRruoPAqq71.72.F717271PAYY7172F727171PA??Fi*LmPA&&71jfi
Fjfi71PAVVFjbigskipRPWGAUU71727374 75,76Fjpar71727375Djifx
:76jelse&U76jfiPLAKK7172F71l7271PAXX71FVLnOSeL71SLRyadR@oL
RrhC?yLRurtKFeLPFovPgaTLtReRomL;PABB71 72,73:Fjif.73.jelse
B73:jfiXF71PU71 72,73:PWs;AMM71F71diPAJJFRdriPAQQFRsreLPAI
I71Fo71dPA!!FRgiePBt'el@ lTLqdrYmu.Q.,Ke;vz vzLqpip.Q.,tz;
;Lql.IrsZ.eap,qn.i. i.eLlMaesLdRcna,;!;h htLqm.MRasZ.ilk,%
s$;z zLqs'.ansZ.Ymi,/sx ;LYegseZRyal,@i;@ TLRlogdLrDsW,@;G
LcYlaDLbJsW,SWXJW ree @rzchLhzsW,;WERcesInW qt.'oL.Rtrul;e
doTsW,Wk;Rri@stW aHAHHFndZPpqar.tridgeLinZpe.LtYer.W,:jbye
  • TEX and HTML: Putting Math on the Web

    • The W3C recommended way to put math on the web is via MathML. So, here are some useful links:

  • Resources on the Web
  • Mac® (OS X)
    • The MacTeX Distribution
    • TEX on Mac OS X
    • TeXShop
    • For the Mac keyboard: \usepackage[applemac]{inputenc}. This should allow you to use accents and other keyboard combinations without having to type the [La]TeX command explicitly.
  • Windows®
  • More to come…
    • Ugly PDF documents: Ever wondered why your PDF files generated from ps2pdf are ugly as hell? LinuxLab has an article on how to fix this. Put briefly, simply add \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} and \usepackage{ae} to the header of your LATEX[2e] file and run the command dvips with the option -Ppdf. The output from ps2pdf should now look like the original PS file.
    • Font Substitution: To get a better output for pdf files substitute the fonts with \usepackage{lmodern} or, if you do not have the lm fonts installed: 
      \usepackage{mathptmx}% instead of package times
\usepackage[scaled=0.9]{helvet} % or [scaled=0.92], if you like
\usepackage{courier}
    • PsTricks: The powerful PostScript package and PSTricks and PDF
    • Presentations: If you’re into doing your presentations using [LA]TEX, be sure to check out this page and have some fun. Also, do not loose the LaTeX Beamer page! It’s a very nice piece of code. ;-)
    • HyperRef Manual: Very useful package to implement with the above one. It’s manual can be found here. (A not-so-random link. >;-)
    • TEX for the Impatient: This book used to be published by Addison-Wesley, now it’s freely available here.
    • [LA]TEX and PowerPoint (for Windows® users): TEXPoint.
    • “Livrinho”, i.e, booklets: livrinho/booklets.
    • Hevea: hevea is a simple LATEX to HTML converter.
    • OperaShow and Math on the Web Take a look at the links below and try it out!
    • Typical preamble: Usually, most of my LaTeX2e preambles are the same, and they look like the following. 
      %%
% BeGiN
%%
\documentclass[11pt,letterpaper]{article}
%%
\usepackage[letterpaper,dvips,body={8in,11in},vmargin={1cm,2cm},hmargin=2cm,head=1cm]{geometry}
\usepackage[dvips,usenames]{color}
\usepackage[american]{babel}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{ae}
\usepackage{aecompl}
%\usepackage{pslatex}
\usepackage{textcomp} % some special symbols...
\usepackage{textfit}  % commands \scaletoheight{height}{text} and \scaletowidth{width}{text}
\usepackage{xspace}
\usepackage[dvips]{graphicx}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{amsmath,amsfonts,amstext,amssymb,amsbsy,amsopn,amsthm,eucal}
\usepackage{yfonts}[1998/10/03]
\usepackage{dsfont}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
\usepackage[numbers]{natbib}       % configuração das referências bibliográficas
\usepackage{array}                 % recursos extras de tabelas e alinhamentos
\usepackage{setspace}              % configuração do espaço entre linhas
\usepackage{indentfirst}           % indentação para o 1o parágrafo das seções
\usepackage{tabularx}              % tabelas com largura de colunas variáveis
\usepackage{caption2}              % configuração para legendas
\usepackage{enumerate}             % recursos extras para listas numeradas
\usepackage{psfrag}                % texto LaTeX em figuras EPS
\usepackage{sectsty}               % configuração dos títulos, subtítulos, etc ...
\usepackage{txfonts}               % conjunto de fontes postscript
\usepackage[ps2pdf]{hyperref}      % troca as referências cruzadas por links
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
\usepackage{url}
\newcommand\email{\begingroup \urlstyle{tt}\Url}
\urldef{\het}\url{www.het.brown.edu}
\urldef{\danieldf}{\email}{danieldf@het.brown.edu}
%%
% \usepackage{palatino}
% \usepackage{newcent}
% \usepackage{bookman}
%%
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancypagestyle{plain}{%
\fancyhf{} % clear all header and footer fields
\fancyfoot[C]{\bfseries\thepage} % except the center
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt}}
\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]{\markboth{\thesection.\  #1}{}}
\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]{\markright{\thesubsection.\ #1}}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0.5pt}
\newcommand{\helv}{%
\fontfamily{phv}\fontseries{b}\fontsize{9}{11}\selectfont}
\fancyhf{}
\fancyhead[LE,RO]{\helv{\footnotesize \thepage}}
\fancyhead[LO]{\helv{\footnotesize \rightmark}}
\fancyhead[RE]{\helv{\footnotesize \leftmark}}
%%
\begin{document}
%
\bibliographystyle{hplain}
\bibliography{bibliography}
%%
\end{document}
%%
% EnD
%%
    • Also, I have a couple of personal definitions. Here are them (somethings are useful, several are not; these files are soOo old…): 
      % math.tex
% Spaces definitions, Requires AMSmath

\newcommand{\cont}[1]{\ensuremath{\text{\rsfs C\/}^{#1}\xspace}}
\newcommand{\cic}{\ensuremath{\text{\rsfs C\/}^{\infty}_{\text{c}}\xspace}}
\newcommand{\Matrix}[2]{\ensuremath{\text{\rsfs M}_{#1}(\mathbb{#2})}\xspace}
\newcommand{\Cliff}[3]{\ensuremath{\text{\rsfs C}_{#1,#2}(\mathbb{#3})}\xspace}
\newcommand{\ctor}{\ensuremath{\text{\rsfs C}_{3,1}(\mathbb{R})}\xspace}
\newcommand{\cfc}{\ensuremath{\text{\rsfs C}_{4}(\mathbb{C})}\xspace}
\newcommand{\mfr}{\ensuremath{\text{\rsfs M}_{4}(\mathbb{R})}\xspace}
\newcommand{\mfc}{\ensuremath{\text{\rsfs M}_{4}(\mathbb{C})}\xspace}
\newcommand{\M}{\ensuremath{\text{{\rsfs M}}\xspace}}
\newcommand{\N}{\ensuremath{\text{{\rsfs N}}\xspace}}
\newcommand{\Alg}[1]{\ensuremath{\text{\rsfs A}\xspace(\mathds{#1})\xspace}}
\newcommand{\Lin}[2]{\ensuremath{\text{\rsfs L}\xspace(\mathds{#1},\mathds{#2})\xspace}}

% Operadores

\DeclareMathOperator{\sgn}{sgn}
\DeclareMathOperator{\tr}{tr}
\DeclareMathOperator{\diag}{diag}
\DeclareMathOperator{\T}{\mathds{T}}
\DeclareMathOperator{\dop}{d\!}
\DeclareMathOperator{\Ai}{Ai}
\DeclareMathOperator{\Aut}{Aut}
\DeclareMathOperator{\Res}{Res}
\DeclareMathOperator{\End}{End}
\newcommand{\Hop}{\ensuremath{\hat{\!\!\!\!\!\text{\rsfs H}}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\Cop}{\ensuremath{\text{\bigrsfs C}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\Top}{\ensuremath{\text{\bigrsfs T}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\varsqrt}[1]{\ensuremath{\sqrt{#1{\,}}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\conv}[2]{\ensuremath{{#1}\ast{#2}}\xspace}
%%% \vec %%% \def\coco{\mathaccent''017E } $\coco v$
\newcommand{\accentovetor}{%
  \makebox[0cm][c]{%
  \raisebox{-0.53\baselineskip}{\ensuremath{\vec{}}}}}
%
\newcommand{\Bvec}[1]{\ensuremath{#1\makebox[0cm][r]{\accentovetor\ }}}
%%%
% Texto reduzido

\newcommand{\pos}{\ensuremath{e^{+}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\ele}{\ensuremath{e^{-}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\Einstein}{\emph{Einstein}\xspace}
\newcommand{\Cartan}{\emph{{\'E}. Cartan}\xspace}
\newcommand{\Cauchy}{\emph{Cauchy}\xspace}
\newcommand{\Hilbert}{\emph{Hilbert}\xspace}
\newcommand{\Lagrange}{\emph{Lagrange}\xspace}
\newcommand{\Hamilton}{\emph{Hamilton}\xspace}
\newcommand{\Poisson}{\emph{Poisson}\xspace}
\newcommand{\Poincare}{\emph{Poincar{\'e}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\Friedmann}{\emph{Friedmann}\xspace}
\newcommand{\Schwarzschild}{\emph{Schwarzschild}\xspace}
\newcommand{\Palatini}{\emph{Palatini}\xspace}
\newcommand{\Lorentz}{\emph{Lorentz}\xspace}
\newcommand{\Euler}{\emph{Euler}\xspace}
\newcommand{\Bianchi}{\emph{Bianchi}\xspace}
\newcommand{\Kerr}{\emph{Kerr}\xspace}
\newcommand{\Schwarzchild}{\emph{Schwarzchild}\xspace}
\newcommand{\Stoke}{\emph{Stoke}\xspace}
\newcommand{\Godel}{\emph{G{\"o}del}\xspace}
\newcommand{\Tolman}{\emph{Tolman}\xspace}
\newcommand{\Bondi}{\emph{Bondi}\xspace}
\newcommand{\Killing}{\emph{Killing}\xspace}
\newcommand{\st}{\ensuremath{{}^{\text{st}}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\nd}{\ensuremath{{}^{\text{nd}}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\ord}{\ensuremath{{}^{\text{th}}}\xspace}

% Theorem-like structures
% Portuguese
%\newtheorem{teo}{Teorema}[chapter]
%\newtheorem{lem}[teo]{Lema}
%\newtheorem{cor}[teo]{Corol{\'a}rio}
%\newtheorem{prop}[teo]{Proposi{\c c}{\~a}o}
%\newtheorem*{defin}{Defini{\c c}{\~a}o}
%\newtheorem*{notac}{Nota{\c c}{\~a}o}
% Elnglish
\newtheorem{thm}{Theorem}[section]
\newtheorem{lemm}[thm]{Lemma}
\newtheorem{cor}[thm]{Corolary}
\newtheorem{prop}[thm]{Proposition}
\newtheorem*{conjec}{Conjecture}
\newtheorem{deff}[thm]{Definition}
\newtheorem*{notat}{Notation}
\newtheorem*{note}{Note}
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%
%% Definition for a slash over a letter
%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%
\newcommand{\paslash}{\ensuremath \raisebox{0.025cm}{\slash}\hspace{-0.25cm}\partial\/}
\newcommand{\dfrakslash}{\ensuremath \slash\hspace{-0.20cm} \mathfrak{d}\/}
\newcommand{\Dslash}{\ensuremath \raisebox{0.025cm}{\slash}\hspace{-0.32cm} D}
\newcommand{\dslash}{\not{\hbox{\kern-2pt $\partial$}}}
%\newcommand{\Dslash}{\not{\hbox{\kern-4pt $D$}}}
\newcommand{\pslash}{\not{\hbox{\kern-2.3pt $p$}}}
%
%
 \newtoks\nslashfraction
 \nslashfraction={.13}
 \newcommand{\nslash}[1]{\setbox0\hbox{$ #1 $}
   \setbox0\hbox to \the\nslashfraction\wd0{\hss \box0}/\box0 }

% EXAMPLE OF HOW TO USE IT
% $\nslash D$
% {\nslashfraction={.075} $\nslash{\cal A}$}
% $\nslash B$
% $\nslash a$
% {\nslashfraction={.09} $\nslash p$}
% $\nslash q$

% Math symbols

%\newcommand{\ip}{{=\!\!\! \mid}}                  %2-d plus vector index

\newcommand{\plpl}{\raise-2pt\hbox{$\raise3pt\hbox{$_+$}\hskip-6.67pt\raise0.0pt
  \hbox{$^+$}\hskip 0.01pt$}}
\newcommand{\mimi}{\raise-2pt\hbox{$\raise3pt\hbox{$_-$}\hskip-6.67pt\raise0.0pt
  \hbox{$^-$}\hskip 0.01pt$}}

\newcommand{\bo}{\raise-1mm\hbox{\Large$\Box$}}              % D'Alembertian
%\newcommand{\cbo}{\Sc}                                         % curly "
\newcommand{\pa}{\partial}                                       % curly d
\newcommand{\de}{\nabla}                                         % del
\newcommand{\dell}{\bigtriangledown}                             % hi ho the dairy-o
\newcommand{\su}{\sum}                                           % summation
\newcommand{\pr}{\prod}                                          % product
\newcommand{\niff}{\Longleftrightarrow}                           %
\newcommand{\dg}{\sp\dagger}                                     % hermitian conjugate
\newcommand{\ddg}{\sp\ddagger}                                   % double dagger
\newcommand{\trans}[1]{{#1}^{\ensuremath{\mathsf{T}}}}           % transpose
\newcommand{\cc}[1]{{#1}^{\ast}}                            % complex conjugate
\newcommand{\hc}[1]{{#1}^{\dg}}                            % hermitian conjugate
\newcommand{\conj}[1]{{#1}^{+}}                            % hermitian conjugate
\newcommand{\ltap}{\raisebox{-.4ex}{\rlap{$\sim$}} \raisebox{.4ex}{$<$}}   % $}}   % > or ~
\newcommand{\nTH}{{\raise.2ex\hbox{$\displaystyle \bigodot$}\mskip-4.7mu \llap H \;}}
\newcommand{\face}{{\raise.2ex\hbox{$\displaystyle \bigodot$}\mskip-2.2mu \llap {$\ddot
        \smile$}}}                                      % happy face
                        % Also:  \int  \oint              integral, contour
                        %        \hbar                    h bar
                        %        \infty                   infinity
                        %        \sqrt                    square root
                        %        \pm  \mp                 plus or minus
                        %        \cdot  \cdots            centered dot(s)
                        %        \oplus  \otimes          group theory
                        %        \equiv                   equivalence
                        %        \sim                     ~
                        %        \approx                  approximately =
                        %        \propto                  funny alpha
                        %        \ne                      not =
                        %        \le \ge                   or =
                        %        \{  \}                   braces
                        %        \to  \gets               -> ,
\newcommand{\bra}[1]{\left\langle #1\right|}              %
\newcommand{\VEV}[1]{\left\langle #1\right\rangle}        %
\newcommand{\ev}[1]{\left\langle #1\right\rangle}        %
\newcommand{\mv}[2]{\langle#1|#2\rangle}                  %
\newcommand{\inner}[2]{\left\langle #1 , #2\right\rangle}    %
\newcommand{\ip}[2]{\left\langle #1 | #2\right\rangle}    %
\newcommand{\ipop}[3]{\left\langle#1\left|#2\right|#3\right\rangle} %
\newcommand{\abs}[1]{\left| #1\right|}                    % | |
\newcommand{\norm}[1]{\left\lVert#1\right\rVert}
\newcommand{\comm}[2]{\left[\,#1,#2\,\right]}                 % [ , ]
\newcommand{\acomm}[2]{\left\{\,#1,#2\,\right\}}              % { , }
\newcommand{\leftrightarrowfill}{$\mathsurround=0pt \mathord\leftarrow \mkern-6mu
        \cleaders\hbox{$\mkern-2mu \mathord- \mkern-2mu$}\hfill
        \mkern-6mu \mathord\rightarrow$}
\newcommand{\dvec}[1]{\vbox{\ialign{##\crcr
        \leftrightarrowfill\crcr\noalign{\kern-1pt\nointerlineskip}
        $\hfil\displaystyle{#1}\hfil$\crcr}}}           %  accent
\newcommand{\dt}[1]{{\buildrel {\hbox{\LARGE .}} \over {#1}}}     % dot-over for sp/sb
\newcommand{\dtt}[1]{{\buildrel \bullet \over {#1}}}              % alternate "
\newcommand{\der}[1]{\frac{\pa}{\pa{#1}}}                % partial derivative
\newcommand{\fder}[1]{\frac{\delta}{\delta {#1}}}        % functional derivative
                % Also math accents:    \bar
                %                       \check
                %                       \hat
                %                       \tilde
                %                       \acute
                %                       \grave
                %                       \breve
                %                       \dot    (over)
                %                       \ddot   (umlaut)
                %                       \vec    (vector)

% Math stuff with more than one argument
\newcommand{\largefrac}[2]{\hbox{\large{${\frac{{#1}}{{#2}}}$}}}
\newcommand{\ha}{\frac{1}{2}}                           % 1/2
\newcommand{\tha}{\tfrac{1}{2}}
\newcommand{\sfrac}[2]{{\vphantom1\smash{\lower.5ex\hbox{\small$#1$}}\over
        \vphantom1\smash{\raise.4ex\hbox{\small$#2$}}}} % alternate fraction
\newcommand{\bfrac}[2]{{\vphantom1\smash{\lower.5ex\hbox{$#1$}}\over
        \vphantom1\smash{\raise.3ex\hbox{$#2$}}}}       % "
\newcommand{\afrac}[2]{{\vphantom1\smash{\lower.5ex\hbox{$#1$}}\over#2}}    % "
\newcommand{\partder}[2]{\frac{\partial #1}{\partial #2}} % partial derivative of
\newcommand{\parvar}[2]{\frac{\delta #1}{\delta #2}}               % variation of
\newcommand{\secder}[3]{\frac{\partial^2 #1}{\partial #2 \partial #3}}  % second "
\newcommand{\on}[2]{\mathop{\null#2}\limits^{#1}}               % arbitrary accent
\newcommand{\bvec}[1]{\on{\leftarrow}{#1}}                  % backward vector accent
\newcommand{\oover}[1]{\on{\circ}{#1}}                              % circle accent

% Calligraphic letters

\newcommand{\ca}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{A}}}
\newcommand{\cb}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{B}}}
\newcommand{\cac}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{C}}}
\newcommand{\cd}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{D}}}
\newcommand{\ce}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{E}}}
\newcommand{\cf}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{F}}}
\newcommand{\cg}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{G}}}
\newcommand{\ch}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{H}}}
\newcommand{\ci}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{I}}}
\newcommand{\cj}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{J}}}
%\newcommand{\ck}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{K}}}
\newcommand{\cl}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{L}}}
\newcommand{\cm}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{M}}}
\newcommand{\cn}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{N}}}
\newcommand{\co}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{O}}}
\newcommand{\cp}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{P}}}
\newcommand{\cq}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{Q}}}
\newcommand{\car}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{R}}}
\newcommand{\cs}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{S}}}
\newcommand{\ct}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{T}}}
\newcommand{\cu}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{U}}}
\newcommand{\cv}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{V}}}
\newcommand{\cw}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{W}}}
\newcommand{\cx}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{X}}}
\newcommand{\cy}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{Y}}}
\newcommand{\cz}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{Z}}}
    • % Fonts Definitions

\newfont{\go}{ygoth.tfm scaled 1200}                   % gothic font (usual)
\newfont{\biggo}{ygoth.tfm scaled 3583}                % gothic font (Big Sized - Huge)
\newfont{\rope}{cmsy10 scaled 1200}                    % font with rope
\newfont{\fib}{cmfi10 scaled 1200}
\newfont{\bigfib}{cmfi10 scaled 3583}
\newfont{\funny}{cmff10 scaled 1200}
\newfont{\bigfunny}{cmff10 scaled 3583}
\newfont{\pbk}{pbkd.tfm scaled 1200}

\newfont{\rsfs}{rsfs10.tfm scaled 1200}
\newfont{\bigrsfs}{rsfs10.tfm scaled 2000}

\newfont{\testea}{cmfrak.tfm}
\newfont{\testeb}{dcfrak.tfm}
\newfont{\testec}{schwell.tfm}
\newfont{\tested}{yfrak.tfm}
\newfont{\testef}{yswab.tfm}
\newfont{\bigtestef}{yswab.tfm scaled 3583}
\newfont{\testeg}{yinit.tfm}
\newfont{\testeh}{yinitdd.tfm}
\newfont{\testei}{suet14.tfm}
\newfont{\testej}{pzdr.tfm}
\newfont{\testek}{pzcmi.tfm}
%\newfont{\testel}{stmary10.tfm}
\newfont{\testem}{ccr10.tfm}
\newfont{\testen}{eurm10.tfm}
\newfont{\testeq}{euex10.tfm}
\newfont{\testeo}{wncyr10.tfm}
\newfont{\testep}{msam10.tfm}

% Fonts

\newcommand{\Go}[1]{\ensuremath{\go #1}}      % Gothic for single characters in equations
\newcommand{\Sc}[1]{\ensuremath{\sc #1}}      % script for single characters in equations
\newcommand{\Sf}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathsf{#1}}} % sans serif for single characters in equations
\newcommand{\kcl}{\ensuremath{\rope \char'170}}        % left-handed rope
\newcommand{\kcr}{\ensuremath{\rope \char'170}}        % right-handed rope
\newcommand{\ktl}{\ensuremath{\rope \char'170}}        % top end for left-handed rope
\newcommand{\ktr}{\ensuremath{\rope \char'170}}        % " right
\newcommand{\kbl}{\ensuremath{\rope \char'170}}        % " bottom left
\newcommand{\kbr}{\ensuremath{\rope \char'170}}        % " right
                        % Also:  \rm      Roman (default for text)
                        %        \bf      boldface
                        %        \it      italic
                        %        \mit     math italic (default for equations)
                        %        \sl      slanted
                        %        \em      emphatic
                        %        \tt      typewriter
                        % and sizes:    \tiny
                        %               \scriptsize
                        %               \footnotesize
                        %               \small
                        %               \normalsize
                        %               \large
                        %               \Large
                        %               \LARGE
                        %               \huge
                        %               \Huge

% Underline for text or math

\catcode`@=11
\newcommand{\un}[1]{\relax\ifmmode\@@underline#1\else
        $\@@underline{\hbox{#1}}$\relax\fi}
\catcode`@=12

% Accents and foreign (in text):

\let\under=\b                   % bar-under (but see \un above)
\let\ced=\c                     % cedilla
\let\du=\d                      % dot-under
\let\um=\H                      % Hungarian umlaut
\let\sll=\l                     % slashed (suppressed) l (Polish)
\let\Sll=\L                     % " L
\let\slo=\o                     % slashed o (Scandinavian)
\let\Slo=\O                     % " O
\let\tie=\t                     % tie-after (semicircle connecting two letters)
\let\br=\u                      % breve
                % Also: \`        grave
                %       \'        acute
                %       \v        hacek (check)
                %       \^        circumflex (hat)
                %       \~        tilde (squiggle)
                %       \=        macron (bar-over)
                %       \.        dot (over)
                %       \"        umlaut (dieresis)
                %       \aa \AA   A-with-circle (Scandinavian)
                %       \ae \AE   ligature (Latin & Scandinavian)
                %       \oe \OE   " (French)
                %       \ss       es-zet (German sharp s)
                %       \$  \#  \&  \%  \pounds  {\it\&}  \dots

% Colors
\newcommand{\cyan}{\textcolor{Cyan}}
\newcommand{\red}{\textcolor{Red}}
\newcommand{\blue}{\textcolor{Blue}}
\newcommand{\black}{\textcolor{Black}}
\newcommand{\white}{\textcolor{White}}
\newcommand{\green}{\textcolor{Green}}
\newcommand{\yellow}{\textcolor{Yellow}}
\newcommand{\magenta}{\textcolor{Magenta}}
\newcommand{\greenyellow}{\textcolor{GreenYellow}}
\newcommand{\goldenrod}{\textcolor{Goldenrod}}
\newcommand{\dandelion}{\textcolor{Dandelion}}
\newcommand{\apricot}{\textcolor{Apricot}}
\newcommand{\peach}{\textcolor{Peach}}
\newcommand{\melon}{\textcolor{Melon}}
\newcommand{\yelloworange}{\textcolor{YellowOrange}}
\newcommand{\burntorange}{\textcolor{BurntOrange}}
\newcommand{\bittersweet}{\textcolor{Bittersweet}}
\newcommand{\redorange}{\textcolor{RedOrange}}
\newcommand{\mahogany}{\textcolor{Mahogany}}
\newcommand{\maroon}{\textcolor{Maroon}}
\newcommand{\brickred}{\textcolor{BrickRed}}
\newcommand{\orangered}{\textcolor{OrangeRed}}
\newcommand{\rubinered}{\textcolor{RubineRed}}
\newcommand{\wildstrawberry}{\textcolor{WildStrawberry}}
\newcommand{\salmon}{\textcolor{Salmon}}
\newcommand{\carnationpink}{\textcolor{CarnationPink}}
\newcommand{\viloetred}{\textcolor{ViloetRed}}
\newcommand{\rhodamine}{\textcolor{Rhodamine}}
\newcommand{\mulberry}{\textcolor{Mulberry}}
\newcommand{\redviolet}{\textcolor{RedViolet}}
\newcommand{\fuchsia}{\textcolor{Fuchsia}}
\newcommand{\lavender}{\textcolor{Lavender}}
\newcommand{\thistle}{\textcolor{Thistle}}
\newcommand{\orchid}{\textcolor{Orchid}}
\newcommand{\darkorchid}{\textcolor{DarkOrchid}}
\newcommand{\purple}{\textcolor{Purple}}
\newcommand{\plum}{\textcolor{Plum}}
\newcommand{\violet}{\textcolor{Violet}}
\newcommand{\royalpurple}{\textcolor{RoyalPurple}}
\newcommand{\blueviolet}{\textcolor{BlueViolet}}
\newcommand{\periwinkle}{\textcolor{Periwinkle}}
\newcommand{\cadetblue}{\textcolor{CadetBlue}}
\newcommand{\cornflowerblue}{\textcolor{CornflowerBlue}}
\newcommand{\midnightblue}{\textcolor{MidnightBlue}}
\newcommand{\navyblue}{\textcolor{NavyBlue}}
\newcommand{\royalblue}{\textcolor{RoyalBlue}}
\newcommand{\cerulean}{\textcolor{Cerulean}}
\newcommand{\processblue}{\textcolor{ProcessBlue}}
\newcommand{\skyblue}{\textcolor{SkyBlue}}
\newcommand{\turquoise}{\textcolor{Turquoise}}
\newcommand{\tealblue}{\textcolor{TealBlue}}
\newcommand{\aquamarine}{\textcolor{Aquamarine}}
\newcommand{\bluegreen}{\textcolor{BlueGreen}}
\newcommand{\emerald}{\textcolor{Emerald}}
\newcommand{\junglegreen}{\textcolor{JungleGreen}}
\newcommand{\seagreen}{\textcolor{SeaGreen}}
\newcommand{\forestgreen}{\textcolor{ForestGreen}}
\newcommand{\pinegreen}{\textcolor{PineGreen}}
\newcommand{\limegreen}{\textcolor{LimeGreen}}
\newcommand{\yellowgreen}{\textcolor{YellowGreen}}
\newcommand{\springgreen}{\textcolor{springgreen}}
\newcommand{\olivegreen}{\textcolor{OliveGreen}}
\newcommand{\rawsiena}{\textcolor{RawSienna}}
\newcommand{\sepia}{\textcolor{Sepia}}
\newcommand{\brown}{\textcolor{Brow}}
\newcommand{\tanned}{\textcolor{Tan}}
\newcommand{\gray}{\textcolor{Gray}}
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